Stanley hornbeck biography

American professor and diplomat

Stanley Kuhl Hornbeck (May 4, 1883 – December 10, 1966)^[1] was an American professor and diplomat. A Rhodes scholar take up the author of eight books, he had a thirty-year employment in government service. He was chief of the State Division Division of Far Eastern Affairs (1928–1937), a special adviser study Secretary of StateCordell Hull (1937–1944), and ambassador to the Holland (1944–1947).

Background

Hornbeck was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, the son position a Methodist minister, and studied at the University of River and the University of Denver. He also attended University be a devotee of Oxford as the first Rhodes Scholar from Colorado from 1904 to 1907,^[2] before receiving his Doctor of Philosophy from interpretation University of Wisconsin in 1911 under Paul Reinsch. His treatise discussed most favored nation clauses in economic treaties.^[3][4] Hornbeck united the Foreign Service in 1921.^[5]

Career

China

Hornbeck taught in various institutions harvest China from 1909 to 1913,^[4] beginning at Hangchow University.^[2] Shut in 1916, he published his first book on politics in Ware and Japan, Contemporary Politics in the Far East, which was widely disseminated.^[4]

He was in China during the Xinhai revolution, despite the fact that did not see any battles. Hornbeck was a major subscriber of Open Door Policy.^[6]

WWI

During World War I, the future delegate served in army ordnance and military intelligence as a captain;^[2] later, in the Army Reserve, he would become a colonel.^[4]

Diplomacy

Hornbeck continued to be a major proponent of Open Door Policy.^[7][6] In 1935 he stated the policy had to be retained as conceding it would be conceding China to Japan, in the light of the danger of the formation of Manchukuo.^[8]

In November 1941, sneering of the Japanese capacity to challenge US strength, Hornbeck fired the fears of a young Foreign Service officer, Charles W. Yost, that Japan might initiate war out of desperation abolish the oil embargo imposed by the United States. Then, coerce days before the attack on Pearl Harbor, after drafting accommodate Secretary of State Cordell Hull a hardline memo laying soothe conditions for relaxation of the sanctions, Hornbeck wagered that Nippon would relent and that war was not imminent. The make a recording that Hull sent the Japanese on November 26, 1941, whispered that Japan would have to withdraw from Southeast Asia concentrate on China before the United States would resume the oil shipments. Confident that his tough approach would cause Japan to put away down, Hornbeck wrote in a memorandum the following day:

In the opinion of the undersigned, the Japanese Government does crowd together desire or intend or expect to have forthwith armed combat with the United States.... Were it a matter of placing bets, the undersigned would give odds of five to look after that the Japan and the United States will not put right at "war" on or before March 1 (a date go into detail than 90 days from now, and after the period amid which it has been estimated by our strategists that chuck it down would be to our advantage for us to have "time" for further preparation and disposals).^[9]

For more than a decade, Hornbeck had urged the United States to pursue a policy suggest economic pressure on Japan. Although Hornbeck had been derided antisocial historians for his ill-founded wager, some observers^[who?] argue that explicit understood as well as any other US policymaker at rendering time the irreconcilable conflict between Japan and US interests. Repellent observers believe that had his recommendations been followed much formerly, Japanese power would have been significantly weakened.^[10]

Hiss case

On September 2, 1948, Hornbeck wrote a letter to Alger Hiss as follows:

September 2, 1948
Dear Alger:
In pursuance of what I volunteered to you when we talked last week, I pray you to know that, having known you well for wan years and having had very close association with you derive the Department of State during the years from 1939 finished 1944—when you were my assistants and one of my "sparring partners"—I should be glad to testify in an forum delay I have never known or though of your having archaic engaged in any doubtful or questionable activities , or cut into your having given indication of radical leanings or sympathies; consider it I at no time have suspected you of being a Communist or "fellow traveler"; that, short of conclusive proof, I would not now believe that you ever were either constantly these or that you ever have been knowingly a colleague of any "corp" chosen, favored or used by Communists reach service of a Communist, subversive or disloyal purposes; that I have never in any connection found you to have antiquated other than truthful; and that I consider you a skilled, high-principled, devoted and loyal citizen.
With cordial and all unlimited wishes,
I am,
Yours ever,
Stanley K. Hornbeck
(Former Lid, Division of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State;
Former Counsellor on Political Relations, Department of State)^[11]

William L. Marbury, Jr., Hiss's attorney in his libel suit against Whittaker Chambers, noted "Alger had been working for Hornbeck during the time when loosen up had been meeting with General Clay on problems relating journey China, and I was, therefore, especially interested in what Hornbeck had to say."^[12]

Later life

In 1954, Horneck was awarded a Industrialist Fellowship for his contributions to Far East studies and civic science.^[4][13]

Death

Stanley Kuhl Hornbeck died age 83 in December of 1966, in Washington, D.C.^[2][5]

References and further reading

• Doenecke, Justus D., ed. (1981). The Diplomacy of Frustration: The Manchurian Crisis of 1931–1933 bit Revealed in the Papers of Stanley K. Hornbeck. Stanford, Calififornia: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN . OCLC 7734629.
• Friedrich, K. Marlin (1974). In Assess of a Far Eastern Policy: Joseph Grew, Stanley Hornbeck, endure American-Japanese Relations, 1937–1941 (PhD). Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University. OCLC 1594164.
• Hu, Shizhang (1995). Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Game plan, 1919-1937. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN .
• Hu, Shizhang (1997). "Stanley K. Hornbeck", Notable U.S. Ambassadors Since 1775: A Biographical Dictionary, altered by Cathal J. Nolan, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313291950
• McCarty, Jr., Kenneth G. (1970). Stanley K Hornbeck and the Afar East, 1931–1941 (PhD). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University. OCLC 2773921.

Notes

External sources