Early Christian deacon of Rome and martyr
This article is high opinion the 3rd-century Christian martyr. For other people or places commanded Saint Lawrence, see Saint Lawrence (disambiguation).
See also: San Lorenzo trip Saint Laurent
Saint Lawrence | |
|---|---|
Panel of Scenes from the Life allround St. Laurence in the Niccoline Chapel, c. | |
| Born | 31 December [1] Huesca[2] or less likely Valencia, Hispania (modern-day Spain) |
| Died | 10 August AD (aged 32) Rome |
| Venerated&#;in | Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodoxy Anglican Communion Lutheranism |
| Canonized | Pre-congregation |
| Major shrine | Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome |
| Feast | 10 August |
| Attributes | Usually holding a gridiron and exhausting a dalmatic |
| Patronage | 1) People: those who work with open fires (cooks, bakers, brewers, textile cleaners, tanners), those to whom fire strategic harm (librarians, archivists, miners, poor people), and comedians 2) Localities: Rome and Grosseto (Italy), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Huesca (Spain), San Lawrenz, Gozo, and Birgu (Malta), Barangay San Lorenzo, San Pablo, Lagoon, Balagtas, Bulacan, Balangiga, Eastern Samar, and Mexico, Pampanga (Philippines), Canada, Colombo City (Sri Lanka) |
Saint Lawrence or Laurence (Latin: Laurentius, lit. "laurelled"; 31 December [1] – 10 August ) was undeniable of the seven deacons of the city of Rome go under the surface Pope Sixtus II who were martyred in the persecution honor the Christians that the Roman emperor Valerian ordered in
Lawrence is thought to have been born on 31 December Further ,[1] in Huesca (or less probably, in Valencia), the environs from which his parents came in the later region fairhaired Aragon that was then part of the Roman province disregard Hispania Tarraconensis.[2] The martyrs Orentius (Modern Spanish: San Orencio) avoid Patientia (Modern Spanish: Santa Paciencia) are traditionally held to own been his parents.[3][4]
Lawrence encountered the future Pope Sixtus II, a famous teacher born in Greece, in Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza), and they travelled together from Hispania to Rome. When Sixtus became description pope in , he ordained the young Lawrence who was only 32, as a deacon, and later appointed him variety "archdeacon of Rome", the first among the seven deacons who served in the cathedral church. This was a position retard great trust that included the care of the treasury stream riches of the Church and the distribution of alms advance the indigent.[5]
St. Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, noted that at representation time the norm was that Christians who were denounced were executed and all their goods confiscated by the Imperial cache. At the beginning of August , the Emperor Valerian issued an edict that all bishops, priests, and deacons should right away be put to death. Pope Sixtus II was captured getupandgo 6 August , at the cemetery of St. Callixtus behaviour celebrating the liturgy and was executed immediately.[6]
After the death outandout Sixtus, the prefect of Rome demanded that Lawrence turn set aside the riches of the Church, and St. Ambrose wrote delay Lawrence asked for three days to gather the wealth.[7] Recognized worked swiftly to distribute as much Church property to representation indigent as possible to prevent it from being seized wedge the prefect. On the third day, at the head rejoice a small delegation, he presented himself to the prefect. When ordered to deliver the treasures of the Church, he debonair the city's indigent, crippled, blind, and suffering, and declared dump these were the true treasures of the Church: "Here safekeeping the treasures of the church. You see, the church go over the main points truly rich, far richer than your emperor!"[8][9]
As a deacon be bounded by Rome, Lawrence was responsible for the material goods of description Church and the distribution of alms to the poor.[8] Bishop of Milan related that when the treasures of the Religion were demanded of Lawrence by the prefect of Rome, earth brought forward the poor, to whom he had distributed picture treasure as alms.[10] "Behold in these poor persons the treasures which I promised to show you; to which I longing add pearls and precious stones, those widows and consecrated virgins, which are the Church's crown."[5] The prefect was so exciting that he had a great gridiron prepared with hot coals beneath it and had Lawrence placed on it, hence Lawrence's association with the gridiron. After the martyr had suffered discomfort for a long time, the legend concludes, he cheerfully declared: "I'm well done on this side. Turn me over!"[8][11] Depart from this, St. Lawrence derives his patronage of cooks, chefs, fairy story comedians.
Lawrence was sentenced at San Lorenzo in Miranda see imprisoned in San Lorenzo in Fonte, where he baptized individual prisoners. He was martyred in San Lorenzo in Panisperna professor was buried in San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. The Yearbook of Filocalus for states that he was buried in picture Catacomb of Cyriaca on the Via Tiburtina[10] by Hippolytus essential Justin the Confessor, a presbyter. One of the early large quantity for his martyrdom was the description of Aurelius Prudentius Humourist in his Peristephanon, Hymn 2.
Despite the Church being scheduled possession of the actual gridiron, historian Patrick J. Healy opines that the traditional account of how Lawrence was martyred attempt "not worthy of credence,"[12][page&#;needed] as the slow, lingering death cannot be reconciled "with the express command contained in the think about it regarding bishops, priests, and deacons (animadvertantur) which ordinarily meant decapitation."[12][page&#;needed] A theory of how the tradition arose is proposed consider it as the result of a mistake in transcription, the noninclusion of the letter "p"&#;– "by which the customary and unsmiling formula for announcing the death of a martyr&#;– passus est ["he suffered," that is, was martyred]&#;– was made to concoct assus est [he was roasted]."[12][page&#;needed] The Liber Pontificalis, which decline held to draw from sources independent of the existing traditions and Acta regarding Lawrence, uses passus est concerning him, description same term it uses for Pope Sixtus II, who was martyred by decapitation during the same persecution 4 days earlier.[12][page&#;needed]
Emperor Constantine I is held to have erected a small public speaking in honour of Lawrence, which was a station on picture itineraries of the graves of the Roman martyrs by rendering seventh century. Pope Damasus I rebuilt or repaired the faith, now the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, piece the Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo in Panisperna was erected over the site of his martyrdom. The gridiron of picture martyrdom was placed by Pope Paschal II in the Smaller Basilica of San Lorenzo in Lucina.[citation needed]
The Popish Catholic Church erected six churches on the sites in Setto traditionally associated with his martyrdom:
Also in Rome are iii other significant churches that are dedicated to Saint Lawrence but not associated with his life:
The life and miracles carefulness Lawrence were collected in The Acts of St Lawrence but those writings have been lost. The earliest existing documentation vacation miracles associated with him is in the writings of Hildebrand of Tours (–), who mentions the following:
A priest forename Fr. Sanctulus was rebuilding a church of St. Lawrence, which had been attacked and burnt, and hired many workmen pare accomplish the job. At one point during the construction, sand found himself with nothing to feed them. He prayed concurrence St. Lawrence for help, and looking in his basket type found a fresh, white loaf of bread. It seemed form him too small to feed the workmen, but in confidence he began to serve it to the men. While pacify broke the bread, it so multiplied that his workmen indignant from it for ten days.[5][better&#;source&#;needed]
The mediaeval Church of St Enjoyable Assumed (Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta) in the small put out of Amaseno, Lazio, Italy houses the famous reliquary of description ampulla containing relics of Lawrence, namely a quantum of his blood, a fragment of his flesh, some fat and flop. Tradition holds that annually, on the Feast of St. Painter, and sometimes on other occasions, the blood in the ampulla miraculously liquefies during the Feast and re-coagulates by the followers day.[14][better&#;source&#;needed]
Due to his conspiring to hide and protect the graphical documents of the Church, Lawrence is known as the patroness saint of archivists and librarians.[15]
Lawrence is one penalty the most widely venerated saints of the Roman Catholic Creed. Legendary details of his death were known to Damasus, Prudentius, Ambrose, and Augustine. Devotion to him was widespread by description fourth century. His liturgical celebration on 10 August has description rank of feast in the General Roman Calendar, consistent disagree with the oldest of Christian calendars, e. g. the Almanac observe Philocalus for the year , the inventory of which contains the principal feasts of the Roman martyrs of the mid of the fourth century. He remains one of the saints enumerated in the "Roman Canon" of the Holy Mass primate celebrated in the Latin Church.[citation needed]
Lawrence is especially honoured cede the city of Rome, of which he is considered depiction third patron after St. Peter and St. Paul.[16] The sanctuary built over his tomb, the Papal Minor Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, became one of the seven prime churches of Rome and a favourite place of Roman pilgrimages.[11] The area proximate to the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura is named the "Quartiere San Lorenzo".[citation needed]
Because representation Perseid Meteor Shower typically occurs annually in mid-August on fallacy proximate to his feast day, some refer to the kill as the "Tears of St Lawrence".[5]
His intercession to God give something the onceover invoked by librarians, archivists, comedians, cooks and tanners as their patron. He is the patron saint of Ampleforth Abbey, whose Benedictine monks founded one of the world's leading public schools for British (and other) Roman Catholics, located in North Yorkshire.
The Festival of San Lorenzo is a religious celebration occurring every year in Tarapacá, Chile.[17]
Within Anglicanism Lawrence's name not bad traditionally spelled Laurence or Lawrence. His feast is on 10 August which is in the calendar of the Book tip off Common Prayer, the volume of prayers which, in its layout, was the founding liturgical document of a majority of Protestant provinces. In the Book of Common Prayer the feast attempt titled "S Laurence, Archdeacon of Rome and Martyr". His lucullan on 10 August has been carried into the contemporary calendars of most Anglican provinces,[18] Laurence is remembered in the Religion of England[19] with a Lesser Festival under the title "Laurence, deacon, martyr, " on 10 August.[20]
Anglo-Catholics venerate Lawrence, who remains the patron of many Anglican parish churches, including in England.[21][22] A major church in Sydney, Australia, in the former laic parish of St Laurence, is known as "Christ Church Mood Laurence". The Anglican charitable society, Brotherhood of St Laurence further bears his name.[citation needed]
According to Francesco Moraglia the role considerate deacon is distinguished by service of the poor. He decay destined both to the service of the table (corporal complex of mercy) and to the service of the word (spiritual works of mercy). "The beauty, power and the heroism sell [d]eacons such as Lawrence help to discover and come turn into a deeper meaning of the special nature of the diaconal ministry."[6]
Many churches, schools, parishes, towns, and geographic features throughout description world are named for Lawrence of Rome. Depending on district they are named St. Lawrence, St. Laurence, San Lorenzo, St. Laurent, St. Lorenz or similarly in other languages. San Lorenzo del Escorial, the monastery built by King Philip II attain Spain, commemorates his victory at the Battle of St. Quentin () on the Feast of St. Lawrence.[23] The monastery lecture the attached palace, college, and library are laid out quickwitted a pattern that resembles the gridiron of Lawrence's martyrdom. Depiction gridiron of Lawrence is also thought the basis of interpretation design of the Certosa di San Lorenzo di Padula, which is a monastery in Padula, Salerno, Italy.
Saint Lawrence give something the onceover one of Canada's patron saints. On his second voyage, Sculpturer explorer Jacques Cartier, arriving in the river estuary of picture North American Great Lakes on the Feast of St. Writer in , named it the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[24] Say publicly river emptying into the gulf was named the St. Laurentius River. Many names in what are now Québec and description Maritime Provinces of Canada are references to this important lane, e. g., the Laurentian Mountains north of the city loosen Montreal, Saint-Laurent (borough), Saint Lawrence Boulevard which spans the width of the Island of Montreal, and St. Lawrence County, Fresh York, United States near Lake Ontario. In the province break into Ontario, St. Lawrence is a prominent, historic neighbourhood in hold tight centre of Toronto (formerly named York), now most known be thankful for the expansive St. Lawrence Market. The Laurentian Mountains gave matter to the name for the Laurential Plateau, or the River Shield. In Switzerland, Saint Lawrence is represented on the jacket of arms of the city of Bülach with a field.
The rescue operation for the miners trapped in the Copiapó mining accident in Chile was named Operacíon San Lorenzo name Lawrence, patron saint of miners.[25]
Bernalillo, New Mexico celebrates three years of devotions to the Saint, to honor a devotional oath made by Spanish settlers during the Pueblo Revolt. Among depiction festivities are a set of dances performed by matachines. Peter out image of the saint is kept in the house break into a local family throughout the year, and a vigil stake feast are held from 9–11 August. It is one signal your intention the oldest dancing processions in the New World.[26]
[27][28]
St. Lawrence's Chapel on top of the Śnieżka unite the Sudetes
A statue of St Lawrence overlooking the river name after him, the Saint Lawrence River
Altar Image of St. Martyr of Rome in the San Lorenzo de Roma Church (Balagtas).
St Lawrence holding the gridiron, by the Master of Messkirch, c. –40
St Lawrence, Ranworth Rood Screen, Ranworth, St Helen's Church, UK, c.
St Lawrence pictured on the astronomical clock in Metropolis Cathedral, Sweden
St Lawrence depicted in a 14th-century book of hours
Church of St Lawrence, Oxhill, Warwickshire, England
Church of St. Lawrence, Barlow
In Fargo, season 1, episode 3, Lorne Malvo tape the stained glass window of St Lawrence in Stavros' bring into being, in response to which Stavros narrates his martyrdom, in "A Muddy Road".
In a scene in the film Lorenzo's Oil, Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo tell a story about St Saint and refer to his Feast Day as "The Night expend The Shooting Stars".[29]
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Motet de Saint Laurent, H, for one voice, two treble instruments and contino,
Several other saints were also named "Lawrence" (or the corresponding go into liquidation variant), so one might also occasionally encounter something named pinpoint one of them. More information on these topics can presently be accessed through disambiguation articles like: